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Authors
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Ball, L. E.; Motloung, B.; Smith, M.-P.; Pfukwa, R.; Klumperman, B.
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Title
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Mechanistic insights into the calcium-mediated gelation of poly(4-tert-butylstyrene-alt-maleic acid)-block-poly(N-acryloylmorpholine) double hydrophilic block copolymers
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Date
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20.02.2026
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Number
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0
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Abstract
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Stimuli responsive double hydrophilic block copolymers (DHBCs) are ubiquitous in water-based applications, such as drug/gene delivery, nanoreactor and sensor development, photocatalysis, 3D inkjet printing, etc. DHBC-based gels, cross-linked with calcium ions, are particularly valuable for the development of biomedically relevant materials (such as wound dressings or injectable formulations), due to the benignity of Ca2+ in biological systems. Therefore, gels formed via the calcium-mediated crosslinking of poly(4-tert-butylstyrene-alt-maleic acid)-block-poly(N-acryloylmorpholine) (PtBuSMA-b-PNAM), which in itself constitutes polymers with established biomedical relevance, are promising candidates for the development of the aforementioned biomedical materials. To this end, PtBuSMA-b-PNAM diblock copolymers were synthesized with different block ratios (1:1, 1:2 and 2:1) and treated with Ca2+, whereby the concentration of the two constituents, the pH or the block copolymer architecture was varied, in order to tune the mechanical properties of the PtBuSMA-b-PNAM/Ca2+ gels. PtBuSMA-b-PNAM/Ca2+ with the lowest PtBuSMA composition (1:2 block ratio) could not form gels and rather formed micelles, whereas PtBuSMA-b-PNAM/Ca2+ with the highest PtBuSMA composition (2:1 block ratio) exhibited enhanced mechanical properties compared to the 1:1 block ratio. The overall amphiphilic balance of the PtBuSMA-b-PNAM/Ca2+ complexes was therefore proven vital for the design and formation of gels with desirable mechanical properties. PtBuSMA-b-PNAM/Ca2+ gels exhibited shear thinning when subjected to high shear conditions and demonstrated some self-healing properties, suggesting these materials have value in the formulation of injectable gels.
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Publisher
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Elsevier
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Wikidata
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Citation
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European Polymer Journal 244 (2026) 114504
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DOI
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https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2026.114504
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